The intervention on masonry consists of applying carbon fiber strips impregnated with epoxy resin, arranged to form truss patterns or positioned along the diagonals of the masonry panel.
This technique, mainly suitable for interventions on good-quality masonry, allows an increase in the element’s resistance to bending–compression and/or shear.
In the presence of deteriorated or heterogeneous masonry, it is preferable to adopt alternative techniques based on distributed strengthening layers.
To ensure the effectiveness of the intervention, careful substrate preparation is essential, aimed at guaranteeing optimal adhesion and preventing possible debonding. In the case of irregular surfaces, a leveling mortar layer is applied to provide a suitable substrate for bonding the strips.
The intervention can be completed by using spike anchors (frayed fiber connectors).

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The strengthening intervention of masonry arches or vaults using FRP systems consists of applying unidirectional fabrics and bidirectional carbon fiber meshes, arranged at the intrados or extrados of the structure.
The application must be carried out on a properly prepared substrate to ensure optimal adhesion of the reinforcement and to prevent possible debonding.
The intervention on these structural elements allows an increase in both the static and seismic capacity of the vault and prevents the formation of hinges and, therefore, collapse due to kinematic mechanisms.
In the case of application at the extrados, it is essential to ensure adequate anchorage of the ends, which can be achieved using preformed spike anchors.
For reinforcements applied at the intrados, attention must be paid to possible premature debonding phenomena due to the curvature of the vault.

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The intervention consists of applying FRP structural strengthening systems made of multiaxial and/or unidirectional carbon fiber fabrics at the beam–column joint.
The resulting strengthening system ensures an increase in shear capacity and provides effective confinement of the joint.

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The intervention consists of applying FRP structural strengthening systems using unidirectional fabrics or bidirectional carbon fiber meshes on the extrados of the floors.
The resulting strengthening system provides high durability, full reversibility, and complete compatibility with traditional materials, with a negligible increase in permanent loads thanks to the extremely limited thickness, and minimal invasiveness on the existing structure.

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The intervention consists of the structural strengthening of joists through the application, at the intrados, of FRP systems made of pultruded laminates and/or unidirectional carbon fiber fabrics.
The technique is aimed at strengthening elements primarily subjected to flexural and combined bending–compression stresses, with the objective of increasing their load-bearing capacity and improving their performance under dynamic actions, particularly of a seismic nature.
The resulting strengthening ensures a significant increase in mechanical strength, stiffness, and ductility, as well as improving the element’s response to cyclic loading.

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FRP strengthening systems can be used to increase the load-bearing capacity and ductility of reinforced concrete bridge piers.
One of the main advantages of using composite materials is the improvement of the seismic performance of these elements. In seismic applications, FRP materials are particularly effective when used to confine the concrete in the regions where plastic hinges may form.
As is well known, confinement leads to an increase in the ultimate strain of the concrete, the curvature at section level, and the chord rotation of the structural element, resulting in an overall increase in ductility.

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Ageing, regulatory upgrades, and material deterioration often make strengthening interventions on decks necessary. Once the underlying causes have been addressed, composite materials can be used to achieve the required levels of safety, serviceability, and/or operational performance of the structure.
In addition, the use of FRP systems allows effective interventions to be carried out within short timeframes, using equipment and construction processes that are safer for operators compared to traditional methods.

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In the case of functional upgrading of tunnels, composite materials represent an excellent solution thanks to their high strength, low specific weight, and outstanding durability.
These materials improve the tensile capacity of concrete or reinforced concrete sections, significantly increasing the load-bearing capacity of the structural element.

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